Which agency conducts research and data collection for federal agencies?

The U.S. Census Bureau is the correct answer because it is responsible for collecting and analyzing data about the population and economy of the United States. This agency conducts the decennial census, which counts every person living in the country, and also gathers demographic and socio-economic data through various surveys, such as the American Community Survey. The information collected helps inform government decisions and policies and is utilized by various federal agencies for research purposes.

While the Federal Reserve focuses on monetary policy and economic research, and the Department of Commerce oversees a broad range of functions related to economic growth, trade, and innovation, it is the U.S. Census Bureau that specifically targets population and demographic research. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, on the other hand, centers on labor market dynamics, employment statistics, and inflation measures. Each of these agencies has distinct areas of focus, but the U.S. Census Bureau's role is uniquely aligned with comprehensive research and data collection for the federal government.